PROCEDURE
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To describe how something is completely done trought a sequence of series. Menjelaskan bagaimana melakukan atau membuat sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ TITLE /GOAL = Judul / Tujuan Kegiatan
§ CLASIFICATION/ DEFINITION (OPTIONAL), Keterangan tentang subject laporan dan klasifikasinya ( Bisa ada, bisa tidak)
§ LIST OF MATERIALS , Daftar Bahan-Bahan (optional)
§ STEPS, Langkah-l;angkah kerja /kegiatan
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Simple present tense
§ Action verb atau kata kerja tindakan, misalnya go, look, eat
§ Temporal conjuction atau kata sambung penunjuk waktu, misalnya then, next, finally
§ Imperative sentence atau kalimat perintah, mislanya put it
Example :
HOW TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS
1. Fit a safety gate at the top of stairs
2. Make sure your children learn to swim as early as possible
3. If you child wears glasses ask for plastic tenses
4. Always put cold water in the bath first
5. Don’t put furniture near upstairs windows
6. Keep matches and lighters well out of children’s reach
7. Don’t carry hot drinks over a child’s head
8. Use special safety fire guard in front of all fires
9. Don’t let a toddler walk around holding anything made of glass
10. Make sure toys have no sharp edges or points
11. Never leave a baby or toddler alone in a bath for one second
12. Fit locks on upstairs windows
13. Never smoke in bed
14. Don’t leave your children alone when they are near or in water
15. Don’t drink anything hot with a child on your lap
RECOUNT
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To tell/retell past events/experiences for the purpose of informing or entertaining. Menceritakan /melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian, pengalaman atau kegiatan yang terjadi di masa lalu dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ ORIENTATION, yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa, siapa, dimana dan kapan ;
§ EVENTS, yaitu kegiatan yang terjadi, yang biasanya disampaikan secara berurutan;
§ REORIENTATION, yaitu komentar pribadi atau ungkapan penilaian.
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Menggunakan simple past tense.
§ Menggunakan temporal connectives untuk mengurutkan peristiwa.
§ Menggunakan pelaku individu atau grup, misalnya I atau we.
Example :
FORGETTING THE MOST IMPORTANT THING
Mr. and Mrs. Henry planned to spend their holidays by going overseas for vacation. They imagined that they would have a good time. They prepared many things for their vacation. They packed their suitcases three days ahead of time. They went to the bank and purchased traveler’s checks two days before. And one day before the expected day, they asked their next – door neighbor to water their plants, feed their cats, and shovel their driveway if it snowed. On the very day, Mr. and Mrs. Henry arrived at the airport exactly a few minutes before the departure. When they search their hand bags and didn’t find things they wanted, they realized that they had forgotten to bring their plane tickets with them. There wasn’t enough time to go back home and get them. Mr. and Mrs. Henry were heartbroken and couldn’t believe what they just experienced. They thought they were all prepared for their vacation, but they forgot to do to do the most important thing.
DESCRIPTIVE
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To describe a particular person, place or thing. Menggambarkan cirri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu secara khusus
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ IDENTIFICATION: Pengenalan benda, orang, sesuatu yang akan dideskripsikan
§ DESCRIPTION : Menggambarkan cirri khusus, misalnya, asalnya darimana, warna, ukuran, kesukaan, penampilan, tingkah laku dsbnya dari sesuatu yang dibahas saja.
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Focus on specific participants
§ Menggunakan present tense
§ Noun tertentu, misalnya: teacher, my cat, my house
§ Detailed Noun Phrase: memberikan informasi tentang subyek, adjective yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya two strong legs
Example :
THE GOOD GUY
I’d like to tell you a famous person in Indonesia. He is a great man with a variety of talents. Some of you might have known him.
He is a public figure whom everybody can easily recognize due to his unique physical appearance. Having a corpulent body and frizzy hair, he is a man with a good sense of humor. He normally dresses like other people that he looks casual and relaxed as well. With Suvatchara Witoelar, his late wife, he is granted two sons who are both married.
He writes articles in various media, both national and international. He is well-known for his interesting TV program in which he is the host.
He is also a top person in InterMatrix, a consulting firm that provides media and public relations services as well as event organizing. He is frequently invited to speak on current topics and communications issues to general audiences and corporate management briefing sessions. He has been active in political activities since he was in ITB ( Bandung Institute of Technology ) being the chairman of the Student Council.
His political career reached its peak when he was engaged as President Abdurrahman Wahid’s Chief Presidential Spokesperson. Although Wahid’s Presidency didn’t stay long in Indonesia reformations, this has left him grand experience which he wrote down in “No Regrets” published by Equinox publishing. His Previous books include “Towards an Ordinary People’s Party”, “Stealing Clarity from Confusion”, “ Perspektif ”, “A Book about Nothing”, a collection of his writings for Djakarta! Magazine.
With an excellent site www.perspektif.net his determination upon upholding reform for better nation, he will stay in his dignity and firmness to proceed with his brilliant ideas and his uniqueness as well.
NEWS ITEM
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To inform newsworthy/important events. Memberitahukan informasi kepada pembaca tentang peristiwa yang dianggap penting atau layak dijadikan berita.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ NEWSWORTHY EVENTS (menceritakan kejadian pada intinya),
§ BACKGROUND EVENTS (berisi latar belakang peristiwa, meliputi uraian kejadian secara terperinci, siapa yang terlibat, tempat, waktu dan lain-lain),
§ SOURCE (berisi sumber informasi /komentar dari saksi, orang yang terlibat atau pendapat ahli dalam bidangnya).
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Menggunakan judul, headline yang menuangkan informasi singkat.
§ Menggunakan action verbs (admitted, abused).
§ Menggunakan saying verbs (said).
§ Menggunakan kalimat pasif /passive voice (A supervisor was jailed).
Example :
ILLEGAL MEDICINE DISTROYED
JP. Hundreds of package of medicine and traditional herbs of various brands were confiscated and destroyed by Yogyakarta’s Food and Drugs Control officers during it’s joint operation with the City’s Health officers starting on Monday.
The joint operation was conducted by seven personnel at several shops and drgug stores in several parts of the city.
“In the fight against unregistered medicine we’ll continue the raids,” said the head of Yogyakarta’s Health officers , Chairul Anwar on Tuesday. Shop owners found setting the registered medicines would first be warned as they probably did not know they were selling illegal products.
REPORTS
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To describe the way things are, with reference to arrange or natural, manmade and social phenomena in our environment. Mendeskripsikan/ melaporkan sesuatu apa adanya. Teks ini merupakan hasil pengamatan, penelitian tentang fenomena alam, sosial dan budaya (natural or non natural).
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ GENERAL CLASSIFICATION (pernyataan umum meliputi subjek laporan dan klasifikasinya)
§ DESCRIPTION (deskripsi yang meliputi qualities, parts and their functions, habits/behaviors, dan uses (kegunaan) apabila subjeknya non natural (tidak hidup)).
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ menerangkan general nouns sebagai subjeknya. Misalnya birds, komodoes, orchids
§ menggunakan simple present tense (jika belum punah),
§ tidak perlu time sequence words / tidak perlu urut,
§ menggunakan relating verbs (is, are, has, have), dan
§ menggunakan istilah teknis khusus, misalnya tree (pohon): stem, root, branch.
Example :
ENVIRONMENT
( air, water, land )
The earth is our environment. The environment includes everything in our surrounding and all the conditions that affect our lives. In the short time human beings have been on earth, we have learned to change the environment to provide for our needs and luxuries. We have grown plants and domesticated animals, we have cleared forests to open up land for farming, we have mined and refined the earth’s minerals, we have learned to use minerals for fuel and as material ls to make tools, houses, and machines.
We use water to wash ourselves, our clothes, and our dishes to cook our food and in many other ways. Without ample water, our lives would be very different. Life itself could not exist without water. It is certain that all living things need water. Every year there are water shortages in various places on earth. The problem is not enough water. It is that the right amount of water is not in the right places at the right time.
Water supplies in some areas are gradually being used up. If the biggest natural underground reservoir or the ground water is being pumped out so fast, the water level is falling about one meter each year. At this rate it will be dry by the year 2020 .
In any community the various organisms are linked in a complicated of relationships. Air, water/sea, land are closely related. These are usually in delicate balance with one another. If the natural web is disturbed the result may be disastrous. Most disturbances and destruction come from man’s activities. And man is interfering with nature all the time.
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi pembaca dan pendengar bahwa ada masalah yang tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ THESIS (pernyataan pendapat)
§ ARGUMENTS (terdiri atas “point” yang dikemukakan)
§ REITERATION/CONCLUSION (penguatan pernyataan)
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ General nouns, misalnya car, pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb
§ Abstract noun, misalnya policy, government, dsb
§ Technical verbs, misalnya species of animals, dsb
§ Relating verbs, misalnya it is important
§ Action verbs, misalnya she must save
§ Thinking verbs, misalnya many people believe
§ Connective, misalnya firstly, secondly
§ Kalimat passive
Example :
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
There is no best way to deal with pests in agriculture. Pesticides which are commonly used may cause many problems. I think combining different management operations is the most effective way to control pests.
Firstly, the chemicals in the pesticides may build up as residues in the environment and in the soil which absorbs the chemicals. This reduces the quality of farm product.
Secondly, pests can gradually become resistant to pesticides. This means that newer and stronger ones have to be developed.
Lastly, some pesticides affect non target plants and animals such as fish and bees. This affects the ecology and environment as well.
So, understanding the ecology of an area helps a lot in pest control. Pesticides should be chosen and applied carefully so that they don’t affect the ecological balance and environment.
Therefore, integrated pest management is a safe and more effective option to fight pest in agriculture and livestock.
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case. Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi pembaca dan pendengar bahwa ada masalah yang seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya mendapat perhatian.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ THESIS (pernyataan pendapat penulis)
§ ARGUMENTS (terdiri atas “point” (main idea) dan “elaborasi”(supporting idea))
§ RECOMMENDATION (rekomendasi/saran)
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Using Simple Present Tense
§ Using modals
§ Using action verbs
§ Using thinking verbs
§ Using adverbs
§ Using adjective
§ Using technical terms
§ Using general and abstract noun
§ Using connectives/transition
Difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done.
Example :
AGRICULTURE
Nowadays, many people have realized that agriculture is much more important than as the supporting tools in economic development. In Indonesia, agriculture should be the priority of development because of some good reasons.
First of all, the agriculture’s contribution in the beginning of the development is highest among the other sectors. At present, almost half of total Indonesian labors are working in agriculture, but the contribution of agriculture sector does not reach 30 percent.
Second, agriculture sector is expected to fulfill the need of food in a country. As the number of population increase in an alarming rate each year, food supply must also increase. But in developing countries, food production and agriculture production per capita never increase more than one percent each year, and in some extreme case, it even stagnant.
Last but no least, without agricultural development, the growth of industrial sector will be hampered because the growth that comes from industry will bring a wider gap into the internal economy in that country. In turn, this gap will create serious poverty problem, wider inequality of income distribution, and increase unemployment.
Based on the above discussion, it is obvious that the government should put agriculture as the priority of national development.
SPOOF
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers. Menceritakan kejadian, peristiwa aneh atau lucu berdasarkan kejadian atau peristiwa dalam kehidupan nyata yang bertujuan menghibur, yang biasa diakhiri dengan sesuatu yang tidak diharapkan (twist)
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ ORIENTATION (pengenalan tokoh, waktu, dan tempat terjadinya peristiwa)
§ EVENTS (kejadian – kejadian, diceritakan secara kronologis /urut)
§ TWIST (akhir yang tidak terduga atau lucu)
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Using Past Tense
§ Using action verb
§ Using adverb
§ Chronologically arranged
§ Focused on specific participants
§ Adverbial phrases of time and place
Example :
FLUFFY BUNNY RABBIT
After a long day at the office, Chris came home one day and find his dog with the neighbor’s pet rabbit in his mouth. The rabbit was obviously dead. Chris panicked!
“if my neighbor find out my dog killed their bunny, they’ll hate me forever,” he thought.
So he took the dirty, chewed up rabbit into the house, gave it a bath and blow-dried its fur.
Chris knew his neighbor kept their backdoor open during the summer, so he sneaked inside and put the bunny back into the cage, hoping his neighbor would think it died of natural causes.
A couple of days later Chris and his neighbor saw each other outside.
“Did you hear that Fluffy die?” the neighbor asked.
“Oh. Uhmm…Sorry to hear that. What happened?” Chris mumbled.
The neighbor replied, “ We just found him dead in his cage one day. But the strange thing is that the day after we buried him, we went out to dinner and someone must have dug him up , gave him a bath and put him back into the cage!”
EXPLANATION
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To explain the processes how/why something occurs involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena. Menerangkan proses – proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau kegiatan yang terkait dengan fenomena alam, dunia ilmiah, social-budaya, atau lainnya yang bertujuan menjelaskan.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ GENERAL STATEMENT (penjelasan umum)
§ EXPLANATION(penjelasan proses)
§ CLOSING (penutup) (OPTIONAL)
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Using Simple Present Tense
§ Using action verbs
§ Using passive voice
§ Using noun phrase
§ Using adverbial phrase
§ Using technical terms
§ Using general and abstract noun
§ Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
Example :
HOW DO SEASONS HAPPEN?
Seasons come to us regularly. We have probably noticed that it gets warmer in the summer or dry season while it gets colder in the winter or wet season. However, do we know how these seasons change?
Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and forth as it goes around the sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It makes half of the earth hotter. This condition is what we call summer. During the other half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun . As a result, it makes that half of the earth cooler. This cool condition is then what we call winter.
The different parts of the world have the same season at different times. In the northern half of the world, like north America and Europa, winter happen during the months of December, January and February. On the other hand, the southern half of the world, such as South America and Australia, has winter during the months of june july, and August. How does this difference happen? the same season happens at different times because the top and bottom halves of The earth tilts away fIrmly the sun at different time.
ANECDOTE
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To entertain readers with a story/events, that is actual or imaginative. Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan cerita atau kejadian yang nyata atau fiktif, dapat juga menceritakan peristiwa lucu yang tidak lazim.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ ABSTRACT; pembukaan , biasanya berisi pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan cerita
§ ORIENTATION; pengenalan tokoh, waktu, dan tempat terjadinya peristiwa
§ CRISIS; detail peristiwa yang bertambah rumit, permasalahan yang menuju klimaks
§ EVENTS/INCIDENTS; rekasi dari tokoh – tokoh yang terlibat dalam cerita
§ CODA; evaluasi atau refleksi yang berisi komentar kesimpulan.
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Past tense
§ Actions verb
§ Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
§ Using material process
§ Using temporal conjunctions
Example :
SNAKE IN A BATH
How would you like to find a snake min your bath ? A nasty one too!
We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turn on the tap. Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Ever since then I’ve always the plug in firmly before running the bath water.
NARRATIVE
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To entertain/amuse the readers and to deal with actual or various experience in different way. Menghibur pendengar dengan cerita atau dongeng. Biasanya teks ini mengandung pesan moral.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ ORIENTATION (pengenalan tokoh,waktu dan tempat kejadian),
§ COMPLICATION (masalah dimana karakter utama terlibat) dan
§ RESOLUTION (akhir cerita yang berisi solusi masalah).
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Menggunakan nouns tertentu dan noun phrase.
§ Menggunakan connective, time conjuction dan adverbs of time.
§ Menggunakan saying verbs (said,told) dan thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses (she` was very tired and hungry).
§ Menggunakan simple past tense.
Example :
THE WOODCUTTER’S THREE AXES
Ivan was so poor that he owned nothing except the axe he needed to earn his living as a woodcutter.
One day, by a stroke of ill fortune, while he was working on the bank of a river, the blade of his axe flew off the handle and sank in the river. Poor Ivan was desperately unhappy now how could he cut the wood which had always earned him the little food that he ate?
His heart felt signs were overheard by a strange old man. As soon as he was told what happened the old man dived into the river and reemerged a few moments later, holding up a golden hatchet. “Is this the one you lost?” he asked. “No, that’s not my hatchet,” Ivan replied.
The old man dived into the river again and came up holding a silver hatchet. “No, that’s not mine either,” the woodcutter confirmed. On the third occasion, the old man came out holding Ivan’s blade. “Yes, that’s mine!” laughed the happy woodcutter.
“Take it. You owe me nothing for the help I have given you. Rather since you have shown yourself to be neither greedy nor dishonest, you deserve to be rewarded. You can also keep both the golden and the silver axes.”
DISCUSSION
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To present (at least) two points of view about an issue. Mengetengahkan suatu masalah atau isu yang ditinjau paling tidak dari dua susut pandang, sebelum sampai pada suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ ISSUE
§ ARGUMENTS PRO AND CONTRA
§ CONCLUSION/RECOMENDATIONS
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Using Simple Present Tense
§ Use of relating verb/to be
§ Using thinking verb
§ Using general and abstract noun
§ Using conjunction/transition
§ Using modality
§ Using adverb of manner
Example :
CAREER WOMAN
In modern world, women have the benefit from wider chance of getting a career outside their household sphere. Many women, however, have some difficulties deciding whether they will pursue a career or not. Some of them stay at their offices, while at the same time they act as a housewives. But, the other choose to concentrate their attention to their household only.
Being career women offers the advantage of a wider chance of self-actualization. They can widen their knowledge and develop their capacity. For example, many women do not know exactly what is their talent before they start a career. But then, after they have a career they know which field they can do best and which one they cannot. They will help them to refocus their life goal.
Another big advantage is that they can help supporting their household’s finance so that man do not become the single fighter in financing their families. For example, if a wife works she can help her husband financing their children’s educational budget, so that their children can have the best education.
Being career women, significant disadvantages, too. They have more burdens in their life, as they have to manage their job as well as their household. For example, a female teacher has to prepare teaching material for tomorrow class while at the same time she has to think about how to handle her naughty son.
In addition, being career women can be risky for their household. For example, many women have to spend their time more in their career as it grows more challenging, so they have only limited time left for their family, resulting in their lack of care and attention for their husband and children. The extreme impact of this situation is the broken home.
In the end, the decision that each women makes will depend on their own personal values, as well as their readiness for taking on the considerable consequences of each choice.
REVIEW
1. Purpose of the text/social function ( tujuan komunikatif dari text )
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience such works of art include movie, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recording, exhibitions, concerts and ballets. Melakukan kritik terhadap peristiwa atau karya seni untuk pembaca atau pendengar khalayak ramai, misalnya film, pertunjukan, buku dll.
2. Generic structure/text organization (sistematika penulisan)
§ ORIENTATION (pengenalan)
§ EVALUATION
§ INTERPRETATIVE RECOUNT (tafsir)
§ EVALUATION
Evaluasi 1;
Evaluasi 2;
§ EVALUATIVE SUMMATION (rangkuman)
3. Language features ( ciri kebahasaan yang utama )
§ Focus on specific participants
§ Using adjectives
§ Using long and complex clauses
§ Using metaphor
Example :
HARRY POTTER: ORDER OF THE PHOENIX
Pengenalan/orientasi
I absolutely love the harry potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.
Evaluasi 1 :
I have to say that of all the books, however, this one was not my favorite
Evaluasi 2 :
When the series began it was a much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, face-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Tafsiran (interpretative recount) :
Order of the phoenix is as different kind of book. In some instances this works, you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an hold house, for example- housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.
Rangkuman :
A few other changes in this book – “real” world comes much more in to play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm- hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The “real” story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually like the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.
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